I lived in Minnesota for 14 years and in northern Illinois for more. That is not a rust issue. The entire end of the shaft is shiny and rust-free. If it were rust, most of the end would be corroded, with a small shiny spot at the point it finally failed.
That shaft looks like the shafts on my 1949 Chevrolet before I learned that “popping the clutch” has consequences.
My opinion, right or wrong, is that the shaft failed due to stress. This was likely caused by the length of the shaft. There’s going to be an inherent amount of flex in just about everything.
Much like a straight piece of coat hanger: bend it enough and it’s going to snap.
Over the years of applying torsional force to the shaft, especially where it tapers down at the damper, the shaft acted like a torsion spring where it slightly twisted. After fifteen years of this action, the shaft finally snapped.