Is AWD and/or 4WD SAFER in snow or ice

I like the list as is because it buts the driver and snow tires at the top. For many years I drove in upstate NY snow belt and northern Michigan in RWD cars with snows on the front and regular tires on the rear. I spun the drive wheels getting going but didn’t get stuck and always got where I needed to go.

FWD improved things in the getting going department but not in changing direction. With snow tires FWD is excellent as long as you don’t go too fast and find the understeer pushing you straight ahead when you turn the wheel.

AWD amd 4WD made it even easier to get going, but steer about the same as FWD. Too much speed and you don’t turn well. The problem with both AWD and 4WD is driver overconfidence. Since it is so easy to start off the driver overestimates the traction and easily exceeds the speed where there is enough traction for the car to change direction when the car steers left or right. With a 2WD car the driver feels some wheel spin and realizes better the limitations on traction.

When I’m driving an AWD or 4WD equipped car (have owned Volvo with AWD and SUV with 4WD) I have to remind myself to keep the speed down. Once ANY vehicle gets out of shape and starts a skid you’d better react fast and right to regain control. In these instances the Anti-Skid systems come in to play and they work. Even these systems can contribute to overconfidence.

Is AWD or 4WD safer? I’d say AWD is safer because it is on all the time and the car makes the decision on which wheels need power. With 4WD the driver has to activate the system with a button or lever. Once engaged AWD is still better on snow covered paved roadways, but the difference is minor compared to other factors like tires and driver attitude.

That’s why I agree with putting the driver skill and attitude at the top of the list.