Why would a bad head gasket cause the coolant reservoir to fill up?

When you pull the dipstick, what does the oil look like? Chocolate milk?

If you’ve got water in the oil, you’re in for a pricey fix, though maybe not 2-3K. It’s not out of the question at all @ 125K that you have a blown head gasket.

You need to fill the radiator because (as has been explained) gases from the engine are getting into the coolant system, which’ll cause bubbles.